Trade
 | Poniższy kurs jest opracowywany we współpracy z warszawską szkołą językową TFLS (Testing and Foreign Language Services), oferującą kursy języka angielskiego na najwyższym poziomie. |
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The oral examination involves a discussion based on a topic selected by an Examiner (about six minutes) preceded by a five-minute private preparation time. The topic of the discussion may refer to trade (among others). The topic on the examination paper is followed by a set of questions and suggestions for the discussion. However, you are allowed to introduce your own ideas providing they are on the topic. Below you will find some vocabulary and then some exercises connected with the issue of trade.
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what a country procedures and needs, it can export (send goods to another country) and import (bring in goods from another country).
Governments can control international trade. The most common measures are tariffs (or duties) and quotas. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures are protectionist as they raise the price of imported goods to ‘protect’ domestically produced goods.
International organizations such as the WTO (World Trade Organisation), EFTA (European Free Trade Association), NAFTA and ASEAN regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries.
A country’s balance of trade is the difference between the values of its imports and exports. This includes visible imports / exports (goods) and invisible imports / exports (services). If a country imports more than it exports, it has a trade deficit. If it exports more than it imports, it has a trade surplus.
the invoice In the context of international trade, the invoice provides information about goods exchanged between the exporter and the importer. It is prepared by the exporter and includes a description of the goods, their price and the quantity supplied. It can act as a proof of purchase, informing the buyer that the goods have been sent.
Companies can choose from various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One option is to start by working with local experts such as sole agents or multi-distributors, who have a specialist knowledge of the market and sell on behalf of the company. This often leads to the company opening a local branch or sales office. Another option is to sell, or give permission to use, patents and licences for their products. They may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market, in which case they can either set up a local subsidiary or a joint venture with a local partner.
obstacle - przeszkoda bureaucracy - biurokracja delay - opóźnienie |
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